Tag: Pseudo-Galen

Sarkidion

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Τὸ δὲ μεσαίτατον τοῦ λαγόνος ὀμφαλός. τὸ δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦτον ἴτρον. εἶτα τὸ ἐφήβαιον, ὃ καὶ ἐπίσειον καλεῖται. εἰς ὃ τελευτᾷ ὁ θώραξ, ἔνθα καὶ τὰ αἰδοῖα τῶν ἀρρένων τέτακται καὶ τῶν θηλειῶν κατὰ τὴν διάφυσιν τῶν μηρῶν, ὅπως κρύπτηται ὑπὸ τούτων. τοῦ μὲν οὖν ἀρσενικοῦ τὸ προῦχον καυλός. τὸ δὲ ἄκρον αὐτοῦ βάλανος. καθ’ ὃ δὲ τετρύπηται πρὸς ἔκκρισιν, ἀπὸ τῆς χρείας οὐρήθρα ὀνομάζεται· τὸ δὲ σκέπον τὸ ἄκρον ποσθή. τὸ δὲ κάτω μέρος τοῦ καυλοῦ κατὰ μῆκος αὐτοῦ ῥαφή. τὸ δὲ διατεῖνον μέχρι τῆς ἕδρας ταῦρος καλεῖται. δίδυμοι δὲ καὶ ὄρχεις ἔνδοθέν τε καὶ ἔξωθεν ὀνομάζονται. καὶ ὄσχεον τὸ περὶ τοὺς διδύμους. τοῦ δὲ γυναικείου αἰδοίου, οὕτω γὰρ αὐτὸ οἱ παλαιοὶ ὠνόμαζον, αὐτὸς μὲν ὁ κόλπος κτεὶς καλεῖται. τὰ δὲ περιέχοντα τὸν κόλπον πτερυγώματα. τὸ δὲ μέσον τούτων κατὰ τὴν διασχίδα ἐκπεφυκὸς σαρκίδιον, νύμφη, ὃ καὶ διὰ τὸ προκύπτειν ἐπὶ πολὺ ἐκτομῆς ἀξιοῦται παρ’ Αἰγυπτίοις ἐπὶ τῶν παρθένων.
(Pseudo-Galen, Eisagōgē 14.705-706K)

In the middle of the flanks is the navel. What is underneath the navel is called the abdomen. Further down there is the pubic hair, which is also called pubes, and here the body ends. Here are also the male genitals, while the females are placed in the separation between the thighs so that they are hidden by them. In men that which protrudes is called the penis. The tip is called the glans, and therein is a hole for secretion, which after its use is called the urethra. What protects the tip is called the foreskin. Along the lower part of the shaft there is a seam. The part that extends to the anus is called the perineum (‘tauros’). The balls are also called testicles, both inside and outside. What is around the balls is called the scrotum. Of the female pudenda, for that is the term the old ones used, the actual cavity is called the vagina. What is on both sides of this cavity is called the labia. The little piece of flesh that grows out of the crack between them is called the clitoris, and because it protrudes, the Egyptians seem to prefer excising it from girls.

Ageōmetrētos

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Ἐπεγέγραπτο ἔμπροσθεν τῆς διατριβῆς τοῦ Πλάτωνος ὅτι ἀγεωμέτρητος μηδεὶς εἰσίτω· ἀντὶ τοῦ ἄνισος καὶ ἄδικος. ἡ γὰρ γεωμετρία τὴν ἰσότητα καὶ τὴν δικαιοσύνην τηρεῖ. (Scholia in Aelii Aristidis Πρὸς Πλάτωνα ὑπὲρ τῶν τεττάρων 125.14)

In front of Plato’s school had been inscribed, “Let noone enter un-geometried” rather than “unequal” or “unjust,” for geometry maintains equality and justness. (tr. Dennis McHenry)

Διὰ τούτων μὲν οὖν καὶ διὰ πλειόνων ἑτέρων δῆλον ὅτι ἄλλα τινὰ ᾐνίττοντο ἐκεῖνοι. εἰ γὰρ μάλιστα πάντων τῆς τῶν μαθημάτων γνώσεως ἐπεμελοῦντο οἱ Πυθαγόρειοι (Πυθαγόρειος δὲ ὁ Πλάτων, οὗ καὶ πρὸ τῆς διατριβῆς ἐπεγέγραπτο ‘ἀγεωμέτρητος μὴ εἰσίτω’) οὐδεὶς δ’ οὐδ’ ἄκρῳ δακτύλῳ γεωμετρήσας τοιοῦτό τι λέγειν ἀνέξεται, τίς οὕτως ἠλίθιος ὡς οἴεσθαι τὸν Πλάτωνα ταῦτα οὕτω κατὰ τὸ φαινόμενον λέγειν; ἴσως δὲ οὐκ ἄκομψον ἐπὶ ὀλίγων συντόμως τῶν συμβόλων τὴν διάνοιαν δηλῶσαι.
(Joannes Philoponus, In Aristotelis De Anima 1.3 (Arist. p. 406b25))

For these reasons therefore, and for many others, it is clear that they [Timaeus, Plato and the Pythagoreans] hinted at other things. Indeed, given that nobody was more concerned about (acquiring) the knowledge of mathematics than the Pythagoreans (and Plato was a Pythagorean: in front of his school he had inscribed: “let no one enter un-geometried”), and that nobody who has practised geometry with more than the tip of his finger would tolerate such a manner of speaking, who would be so foolish as to think that what Plato says here is limited to the visible? (tr. David Bauwens)

Οἱ δὲ τὴν φυσιολογικὴν λέγοντες προηγήσασθαι φασιν ὅτι δεῖ ἀπὸ τῶν φυσικῶν ἄρξασθαι, ἐπειδὴ ταῦτα σύντροφα ἡμῖν ἐστι καὶ συνήθη. οἱ δὲ λέγοντες τὴν μαθηματικὴν ἔφασαν διὰ τοῦτο δεῖν προηγήσασθαι τὰ μαθηματικὰ διὰ τὸ ἐπιγεγράφθαι ἐν τῷ τοῦ Πλάτωνος μουσείῳ ‘ἀγεωμέτρητος μηδεὶς εἰσίτω.’ (Olympiodorus, Prolegomena et in Categorias commentarium 8v (Comm. in Arist. Gr. vol. 12.1 (Busse) 8.37-9.1)

Those who say the study of nature comes first, say that one has to start from the natural elements, because these are innate and familiar to us. But those who say that the study of mathematics takes precedence, say that this needs to be of primary importance, because in Plato’s school the words “Let no one unversed in geometry enter” were inscribed. (tr. David Bauwens)

Ὁ μὲν οὖν Πλάτων εἰς φυσιολογικὸν καὶ θεολογικὸν αὐτὸ διαιρεῖ· τὸ γὰρ μαθηματικὸν οὐκ ἠβούλετο εἶναι μέρος τῆς φιλοσοφίας, ἀλλὰ προγύμνασμά τι ὥσπερ ἡ γραμματικὴ καὶ ἡ ῥητορική· ὅθεν καὶ πρὸ τοῦ ἀκροατηρίου τοῦ οἰκείου ἐπέγραψεν ‘ἀγεωμέτρητος μηδεὶς εἰσίτω’. τοῦτο δὲ ὁ Πλάτων ἐπέγραφεν, ἐπειδὴ εἰς τὰ πολλὰ θεολογεῖ καὶ περὶ θεολογίαν καταγίνεται· συμβάλλεται δὲ εἰς εἴδησιν τῆς θεολογίας τὸ μαθηματικόν, οὗτινός ἐστιν ἡ γεωμετρία.
(Pseudo-Galen, De partibus philosophiae 6.2-7 (Wellmann))

Plato divided [theoretical philosophy] into physiology and theology. In fact, he did not want mathematics to be a part of philosophy, but a sort of progymnasma like grammar and rhetoric. That’s why, before his private lecture-room, he inscribed “Let no one enter un-geometried.” He inscribed this since he discoursed on theology in all matters and dwelt on theology, and included mathematics, of which geometry is a part, into theology’s forms of knowledge. (tr. Dennis McHenry)

Πρὸ τῶν προθύρων τῶν αὑτοῦ γράψας ὑπῆρχε Πλάτων· “Μηδεὶς ἀγεωμέτρητος εἰσίτω μου τὴν στέγην.” (Joannes Tzetzes, Chil. 8.972-973)

Over his front doors Plato wrote: “Let no one unversed in geometry come under my roof.” (tr. Ivor Thomas)